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What did people really eat during the Ice Age and could eating mammoths make someone fat? How do archaeologists reconstruct ancient diets? What about the Gravettian Venus figurines? Were their larger bodies realistic, symbolic, pregnant or deliberately exaggerated? Could mammoth meat and fat create periods of abundance? Did mobile Ice Age hunter-gatherers always remain lean, and does ketosis prevent body-fat gain? From the mammoth steppe to the Mediterranean coasts, the evidence reveals that there was never one single Paleolithic diet.
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*Sources*
D. G. Drucker et al., Isotopic Analyses Suggest Mammoth and Plant in the Diet of the Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe (2017)
R. J. Johnson et al., Upper Paleolithic Figurines Showing Women with Obesity May Represent Survival Symbols of Climatic Change (2021)
S. B. Eaton and M. Konner, Paleolithic Nutrition: A Consideration of Its Nature and Current Implications (1985)
K. Milton, Hunter-Gatherer Diets: A Different Perspective (2000)
A. Revedin et al., Thirty Thousand-Year-Old Evidence of Plant Food Processing (2010)
M. Mariotti Lippi et al., Multistep Food Plant Processing at Grotta Paglicci Around 32,600 Cal BP (2015)
J. D. Speth and K. A. Spielmann, Energy Source, Protein Metabolism, and Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence Strategies (1983)
A. K. Outram, A New Approach to Identifying Bone Marrow and Grease Exploitation (2001)
R. E. M. Hedges and L. M. Reynard, Nitrogen Isotopes and the Trophic Level of Humans in Archaeology (2007)
M. P. Richards and E. Trinkaus, Isotopic Evidence for the Diets of European Neanderthals and Early Modern Humans (2009)
A. G. Henry et al., Microfossils in Calculus Demonstrate Consumption of Plants and Cooked Foods in Neanderthal Diets (2011)
B Revedin, Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing, (2010)
Mariotti Lippi M, Multistep food plant processing at Grotta Paglicci (Southern Italy) around 32,600 cal BP ( 2015 )
Horton TJ, Fat and carbohydrate overfeeding in humans: different effects on energy storage, (1995)
J. Zilhão et al., Last Interglacial Iberian Neandertals as Fisher-Hunter-Gatherers (2020)
L. Kindler et al., Large-Scale Processing of Within-Bone Nutrients by Neanderthals, 125,000 Years Ago (2025)
H. Bocherens et al., Reconstruction of the Gravettian Food-Web at Předmostí I Using Multi-Isotopic Tracking of Bone Collagen (2015)
P. Wojtal et al., The Earliest Direct Evidence of Mammoth Hunting in Central Europe: The Kraków Spadzista Site (2019)
K. D. Hall et al., Energy Expenditure and Body Composition Changes After an Isocaloric Ketogenic Diet (2016)
L. McDermott, Self-Representation in Upper Paleolithic Female Figurines (1996)
O. Soffer et al., The “Venus” Figurines: Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status in the Upper Paleolithic (2000)
L. Klaric, Female Figurines, Climate Sensationalism, and Archaeological Shortcomings (2021)
M. P. Richards et al., Stable Isotope Evidence for Increasing Dietary Breadth in the European Mid-Upper Paleolithic (2001)
E. J. Guiry et al., Mesolithic Dietary Heterogeneity on the European Atlantic Coastline (2015)
*Thank you to the artists*
Ancient Europeans https://www.instagram.com/ancienteuropeans2/
*Video Chapters*
00:00 Mammoth Makes You Fat
01:31 Sponsorship
02:54 There Were Many Paleolithic Diets
04:49 Eating Animals
05:44 Eating Plants
08:09 Eating Fat to get Fat
10:58 Venus Figurines
15:10 Not Enough Food
16:24 Too Mobile
18:51 Ketosis Makes You Skinny
20:51 Gynoid Fat Distribution
23:33 The Next Venus Figurines
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